Scientific References
See also Outbreak Tables
Cheese Outbreaks & Illnesses
Campbell, D. M., J. M. Cowden, G. Morris, W. J. Reilly, and S. J. O’Brien. 1996. Cheese and Salmonella infection. All milk products should be heat treated. Bmj 312:1099.
CDC. 1985. Leads from the MMWR. Listeriosis outbreak associated with Mexican-style cheese–California. Jama 254:474.
CDC. 2000. Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection Associated With Eating Fresh Cheese Curds — Wisconsin, June 1998. MMWR MOrb Mortal Wkly Rep 49:911-3.
CDC. 2001. From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreak of Listeriosis associated with homemade Mexican-style cheese–North Carolina, October 2000-January 2001. Jama 286:664-5.
CDC. 2007. Salmonella typhimurium infection associated with raw milk and cheese consumption–Pennsylvania, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 56:1161-4.
CDC. 2008. Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Newport infections associated with consumption of unpasteurized Mexican-style aged cheese–Illinois, March 2006-April 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 57:432-5.
CDC. 2009. Campylobacter jejuni Infection Associated with Unpasteurized Milk and Cheese — Kansas, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 57:1377-9.
Cody, S. H., S. L. Abbott, A. A. Marfin, B. Schulz, P. Wagner, K. Robbins, J. C. Mohle-Boetani, and D. J. Vugia. 1999. Two outbreaks of multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotype typhimurium DT104 infections linked to raw-milk cheese in Northern California. Jama 281:1805-10.
Danielsson-Tham, M. L., E. Eriksson, S. Helmersson, M. Leffler, L. Ludtke, M. Steen, S. Sorgjerd, and W. Tham. 2004. Causes behind a human cheese-borne outbreak of gastrointestinal listeriosis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 1:153-9.
Deschenes, G., C. Casenave, F. Grimont, J. C. Desenclos, S. Benoit, M. Collin, S. Baron, P. Mariani, P. A. Grimont, and H. Nivet. 1996. Cluster of cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome due to unpasteurised cheese. Pediatr Nephrol 10:203-5.
Desenclos, J. C., P. Bouvet, E. Benz-Lemoine, F. Grimont, H. Desqueyroux,
Rebiere, and P. A. Grimont. 1996. Large outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi B infection caused by a goats’ milk cheese, France, 1993: a case finding and epidemiological study. Bmj 312:91-4.
De Valk, H., E. Delarocque-Astagneau, G. Colomb, S. Ple, E. Godard, V. Vaillant, S. Haeghebaert, P. H. Bouvet, F. Grimont, P. Grimont, and J. C. Desenclos. 2000. A community–wide outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium infection associated with eating a raw milk soft cheese in France. Epidemiol Infect 124:1-7.
Goulet, V., C. Jacquet, V. Vaillant, I. Rebiere, E. Mouret, C. Lorente, E. Maillot, F. Stainer, and J. Rocourt. 1995. Listeriosis from consumption of raw-milk cheese. Lancet 345:1581-2.
Haeghebaert, S., P. Sulem, L. Deroudille, E. Vanneroy-Adenot, O. Bagnis, P. Bouvet, F. Grimont, A. Brisabois, F. Le Querrec, C. Hervy, E. Espie, H. de Valk, and V. Vaillant. 2003. Two outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 8 linked to the consumption of Cantal cheese made with raw milk, France, 2001. Euro Surveill 8:151-6.
Honish, L., G. Predy, N. Hislop, L. Chui, K. Kowalewska-Grochowska, L. Trottier, C. Kreplin, and I. Zazulak. 2005. An outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 hemorrhagic colitis associated with unpasteurized gouda cheese. Can J Public Health 96:182-4.
Linnan, M. J., L. Mascola, X. D. Lou, V. Goulet, S. May, C. Salminen, D. W. Hird, M. L. Yonekura, P. Hayes, R. Weaver, and et al. 1988. Epidemic listeriosis associated with Mexican-style cheese. N Engl J Med 319:823-8.
MacDonald, P. D., R. E. Whitwam, J. D. Boggs, J. N. MacCormack, K. L. Anderson, J. W. Reardon, J. R. Saah, L. M. Graves, S. B. Hunter, and J. Sobel. 2005. Outbreak of listeriosis among Mexican immigrants as a result of consumption of illicitly produced Mexican-style cheese. Clin Infect Dis 40:677-82.
Maguire, H., J. Cowden, M. Jacob, B. Rowe, D. Roberts, J. Bruce, and E. Mitchell. 1992. An outbreak of Salmonella dublin infection in England and Wales associated with a soft unpasteurized cows’ milk cheese. Epidemiol Infect 109:389-96.
Martínez, M. C., P. A. Jiménez, C. M. Blanco, S. E. Chamizo, M. E. Mohedano, C. Plata, V. A. Baena, and M. F. Navarro. Brucellosis outbreak due to unpasteurized raw goat cheese in Andalucia (Spain), January – March 2002. Eurosurveillance Volume 8, Issue 7, 01 July 2003.
Villar, R. G., M. D. Macek, S. Simons, P. S. Hayes, M. J. Goldoft, J. H. Lewis, L. L. Rowan, D. Hursh, M. Patnode, and P. S. Mead. 1999. Investigation of multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotype typhimurium DT104 infections linked to raw-milk cheese in Washington State. Jama 281:1811-6.
Pathogens in Milk
DiAmico, D. J. and C. W. Donnelly. 2010. Microbiological quality of raw milk used for small-scale artisan cheese production in Vermont: effect of farm characteristics and practices. J Dairy Sci 93:134-47.
Doyle, M. P., and D. J. Roman. 1982. Prevalence and survival of Campylobacter jejuni in unpasteurized milk. Appl Environ Microbiol 44:1154-8.
Gaya, P., M. Medina, and M. Nunez. 1987. Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, faecal coliforms and salmonellas in raw ewes’ milk. J Appl Bacteriol 62:321-6.
Houser, B. A., S. C. Donaldson, S. I. Kehoe, A. J. Heinriches, and B. M. Jayarao. 2008. A survey of bacteriological quality and the occurrence of Salmonella in raw bovine colostrum. Foodborne Pathog Dis 5:853-8.
Hussein, H. S. and T. Sakuma. 2005. Prevalence of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in dairy cattle and their products. J Dairy Sci 88:450-465.
Jayarao, B. M., S. C. Donaldson, B. A. Straley, A. A. Sawant, N. V. Hegde, and J. L. Brown.2006. A survey of foodborne pathogens in bulk tank milk and raw milk consumption among farm families in
pennsylvania. J Dairy Sci 89:2451-8.
Jayarao, B. M., and D. R. Henning. 2001. Prevalence of foodborne pathogens in bulk tank milk. J Dairy Sci 84:2157-62.
Karns, J. S., J. S. Van Kessel, B. J. McCluskey, and M. L. Perdue. 2005. Prevalence of Salmonella enterica in bulk tank milk from US dairies as determined by polymerase chain reaction. J Dairy Sci 88:3475-9.
Kim, S. G., E. H. Kim, C. J. Lafferty, and E. Dubovi. 2005. Coxiella burnetii in bulk tank milk samples, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 11:619-21.
Massa, S., E. Goffredo, C. Altieri, and K. Natola. 1999. Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in unpasteurized milk stored at 8 degrees C. Lett Appl Microbiol 28:89-92.
Oliver, S. P., B. M. Jayarao, and R. A. Almeida.2005. Foodborne pathogens in milk and the dairy farm environment: food safety and public health implications. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2:115-29.
Pitt, W. M., T. J., Harden, and R. R. Hull. 2000. Behavior of Listeria monocytogenes in pasteurized milk during fermentation with lactic acid bacteria. J Food Prot 63:912-20.
Rea, M. C., T. M. Cogan, and S. Tobin. 1992. Incidence of pathogenic bacteria in raw milk in Ireland. J Appl Bacteriol 73:331-6.
Van Kessel, J. S., J. S. Karns, L. Gorski, B. J. McCluskey, and M. L. Perdue. 2004. Prevalence of Salmonellae, Listeria monocytogenes, and fecal coliforms in bulk tank milk on US dairies. J Dairy Sci
Wang, G. T. Zhao, and M. P. Doyle. 1997. Survival and growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in unpasteurized and pasteurized milk. J Food Protect 60:610-3.
Pasteurized Milk Outbreaks & Illnesses
CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS
See also Miller and Mandrell Table
Birkhead, G., R. L. Vogt, E. Heun, C. M. Evelti, and C. M. Patton. 1988. A multiple-strain outbreak of Campylobacter enteritis due to consumption of inadequately pasteurized milk. J Infect Dis 157:1095-7.
Jay M. T., J. Yuan, R. E. Mandrell, A. Bates, R. Manalac, J. O’Connell, J. Mohle-Boetani, W. G. Miller. 2007. Use of MOMP typing as an epidemiological tool during a large campylobacteriosis outbreak investigation. 107th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, Toronto, Canada.
LISTERIOSIS -Pasteurized
CDC. 2008. Outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes infections associated with pasteurized milk from a local dairy–Massachusetts, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 57:1097-100.
Dalton, C. B., C. C. Austin, J. Sobel, P. S. Hayes, W. F. Bibb, L. M. Graves, B. Swaminathan, M. E. Proctor, and P. M. Griffin. 1997. An outbreak of gastroenteritis and fever due to Listeria monocytogenes in milk. N Engl J Med 336:100-5.
Fleming, D. W., S. L. Cochi, K. L. MacDonald, J. Brondum, P. S. Hayes, B. D. Plikaytis, M. B. Holmes, A. Audurier, C. V. Broome, and A. L. Reingold. 1985. Pasteurized milk as a vehicle of infection in an outbreak of listeriosis. N Engl J Med 312:404-7.
SALMONELLOSIS- Pasteurized
CDC. 1975. A common-source outbreak of Salmonella Newport – Louisiana. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 24:413-4.
CDC. 1979. Salmonella gastroenteritis associated with milk – Arizona. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 28:117-20.
CDC. 1984. Salmonellosis from inadequately pasteurized milk–Kentucky. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 33:505-6.
Hennessy, T. W., C. W. Hedberg, L. Slutsker, K. E. White, J. M. Besser-Wiek, M. E. Moen, J. Feldman, W. W. Coleman, L. M. Edmonson, K. L. MacDonald, and M. T. Osterholm. 1996. A national outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis infections from ice cream. The Investigation Team. N Engl J Med 334:1281-6.
Olsen, S. J., M. Ying, M. F. Davis, M. Deasy, B. Holland, L. Iampietro, C. M. Baysinger, F. Sassano, L. D. Polk, B. Gormley, M. J. Hung, K. Pilot, M. Orsini, S. Van Duyne, S. Rankin, C. Genese, E. A. Bresnitz, J. Smucker, M. Moll, and J. Sobel. 2004. Multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium infection from milk contaminated after pasteurization. Emerg Infect Dis 10:932-5.
Ryan, C. A., M. K. Nickels, N. T. Hargrett-Bean, M. E. Potter, T. Endo, L. Mayer, C. W. Langkop, C. Gibson, R. C. McDonald, R. T. Kenney, and et al. 1987. Massive outbreak of antimicrobial-resistant salmonellosis traced to pasteurized milk. JAMA 258:3269-74.
SHIGELLOSIS – Pasteurized
CDC. 1966. Shigellosis outbreak – Florida. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 15:442.
YERSINIOSIS
Ackers, M. L., S. Schoenfeld, J. Markman, M. G. Smith, M. A. Nicholson, W. DeWitt, D. N. Cameron, P. M. Griffin, and L. Slutsker. 2000. An outbreak of Yersinia enterocolitica O:8 infections associated with pasteurized milk. J Infect Dis 181:1834.
Black, R. E., R. J. Jackson, T. Tsai, M. Medvesky, M. Shayegani, J. C. Feeley, K. I. MacLeod, and A. M. Wakelee. 1978. Epidemic Yersinia enterocolitica infection due to contaminated chocolate milk. N Engl J Med 298:76-9.
CDC. 1982. Multi-state outbreak of yersiniosis. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 31:505-6.
Tacket, C. O., J. P. Narain, R. Sattin, J. P. Lofgren, C. Konigsberg, Jr., R. C. Rendtorff, A. Rausa, B. R. Davis, and M. L. Cohen. 1984. A multistate outbreak of infections caused by Yersinia enterocolitica transmitted by pasteurized milk. JAMA 251:483-6.
Raw (Unpasteurized, Unprocessed) Milk Outbreaks & Illnesses
BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS
CDC. 2005. Human tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis – New York City, 2001-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 54:605-8.
Etter, E., P. Donado, F. Jori, A. Caron, F. Goutard, and F. Roger. 2006. Risk analysis and bovine tuberculosis, a re-emerging zoonoses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1081:61-73.
Gutierrez Garcia, J. M. 2006. Milk as a vector of transmission of bovine tuberculosis to humans in Spain: a historical perspective. Vet Herit 29:41-4
BRUCELLOSIS
Anonymous. Brucellosis associated with unpasteurized milk products abroad. 1995. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 70:308-9.
CDPH. 2009. Epidemiologic summary of human brucellosis in California. Available from: http://www.cdph.ca.gov/data/statistics/Documents/brucellosis-episummary.pdf
Edwards, C., and A. S. Jawad. History of brucellosis. 2006. J R Soc Med 99:54.
45.
Martínez, M. C., P. A. Jiménez, C. M. Blanco, S. E. Chamizo, M. E. Mohedano, C. Plata, V. A. Baena, and M. F. Navarro. Brucellosis outbreak due to unpasteurized raw goat cheese in Andalucia (Spain), January – March 2002. Eurosurveillance Volume 8, Issue 7, 01 July 2003.
Memish, Z. A., and H. H. Balkhy. 2004. Brucellosis and international travel. J Travel Med 11:49-55.
Shaalan, M. A., Z. A. Memish, S. A. Mahmoud, A. Alomari, M. Y. Khan, M. Almuneef, and S. Alalola. 2002. Brucellosis in children: clinical observations in 115 cases. Int J Infect Dis 6:182-6.
CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS
See also Miller and Mandrell Table
Blaser, M. J., J. Cravens, B. W. Powers, F. M. Laforce, and W. L. Wang. 1979. Campylobacter enteritis associated with unpasteurized milk. Am J Med 67:715-8.
CDC. 1981. Outbreak of Campylobacter enteritis associated with raw milk–Kansas. 1981. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 30:218-20.
CDC. 1984. Campylobacter outbreak associated with certified raw milk products–California. 1984. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 33:562.
CDC. 1985. Campylobacter outbreak associated with raw milk provided on a dairy tour–California. 1985. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 35:311-2.
CDC. 2002. Outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infections associated with drinking unpasteurized milk procured through a cow-leasing program–Wisconsin, 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51:548-9.
CDC. 2009. Campylobacter jejuni Infection Associated with Unpasteurized Milk and Cheese — Kansas, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 57:1377-9.
CDPH. 2008. Cluster of Campylobacter infections possibly associated with raw dairy products. Available at: http://www.marlerblog.com/Cluster%20of%20Campylobacter%20infections.pdf
Harris, N. V., T. J. Kimball, P. Bennett, Y. Johnson, D. Wakely, and C. M. Nolan. 1987. Campylobacter jejuni enteritis associated with raw goat’s milk. Am J Epidemiol 126:179-86.
Evans, M. R., R. J. Roberts, C. D. Ribeiro, D. Gardner, and D. Kembrey. 1996. A milk-borne Campylobacter outbreak following an educational farm visit. Epidemiol Infect 117:457-62.
Humphrey, T. J., and R. J. Hart. 1988. Campylobacter and Salmonella contamination of unpasteurized cows’ milk on sale to the public. J Appl Bacteriol 65:463-7.
Hudson, P. J., R. L. Vogt, J. Brondum, and C. M. Patton.1984. Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from milk during an outbreak of campylobacteriosis. J Infect Dis 150:789.
Hutchinson, D. N., F. J. Bolton, P. M. Hinchliffe, H. C. Dawkins, S. D. Horsley, E. G. Jessop, P. A. Robertshaw, and D. E. Counter. 1985. Evidence of udder excretion of Campylobacter jejuni as the cause of milk-borne Campylobacter outbreak. J Hyg (Lond) 94:205-15.
Korlath, J. A., M. T. Osterholm, L. A. Judy, J. C. Forfang, and R. A. Robinson. 1985. A point-source outbreak of campylobacteriosis associated with consumption of raw milk. J Infect Dis 152:592-6.
Kornblatt, A. N., T. Barrett, G. K. Morris, and F. E. Tosh. 1985. Epidemiologic and laboratory investigation of an outbreak of Campylobacter enteritis associated with raw milk. Am J Epidemiol 122:884-9.
Klein, B. S., J. M. Vergeront, M. J. Blaser, P. Edmonds, D. J. Brenner, D. Janssen, and J. P. Davis. 1986. Campylobacter infection associated with raw milk. An outbreak of gastroenteritis due to Campylobacter jejuni and thermotolerant Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus. Jama 255:361-4.
McNaughton, R. D., R. Leyland, and L. Mueller. 1982. Outbreak of Campylobacter enteritis due to consumption of raw milk. Can Med Assoc J 126:657-8.
Morgan, D., C. Gunneberg, D. Gunnell, T. D. Healing, S. Lamerton, N. Soltanpoor, D. A. Lewis, and D. G. White. 1994. An outbreak of Campylobacter infection associated with the consumption of unpasteurised milk at a large festival in England. Eur J Epidemiol 10:581-5.
Orr, K. E., N. F. Lightfoot, P. R. Sisson, B. A. Harkis, J. L. Tweddle, P. Boyd, A. Carroll, C. J. Jackson, D. R. Wareing, and R. Freeman. 1995. Direct milk excretion of Campylobacter jejuni in a dairy cow causing cases of human enteritis. Epidemiol Infect 114:15-24.
Peterson, M. C. 2003. Campylobacter jejuni enteritis associated with consumption of raw milk. J Environ Health 65:20-1.
Porter, I. A., and T. M. Reid. A milk-borne outbreak of Campylobacter infection. 1980. J Hyg (Lond) 84:415-9.
Potter, M. E., M. J. Blaser, R. K. Sikes, A. F. Kaufmann, and J. G. Wells. 1983. Human Campylobacter infection associated with certified raw milk. Am J Epidemiol 117:475-83.
Robinson, D. A., and D. M. Jones. 1981. Milk-borne Campylobacter infection. 1981. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 282:1374-6.
Schildt, M., S. Savolainen, and M. L. Hanninen. 2006. Long-lasting Campylobacter jejuni contamination of milk associated with gastrointestinal illness in a farming family. Epidemiol Infect 134:401-5.
Schmid, G. P., R. E. Schaefer, B. D. Plikaytis, J. R. Schaefer, J. H. Bryner, L. A. Wintermeyer, and A. F. Kaufmann. 1987. A one-year study of endemic campylobacteriosis in a midwestern city: association with consumption of raw milk. J Infect Dis 156:218-22.
Taylor, D. N., B. W. Porter, C. A. Williams, H. G. Miller, C. A. Bopp, and P. A. Blake. 1982. Campylobacter enteritis: a large outbreak traced to commercial raw milk. West J Med 137:365-9.
Warner, D. P., J. H. Bryner, and G. W. Beran. 1986. Epidemiologic study of campylobacteriosis in Iowa cattle and the possible role of unpasteurized milk as a vehicle of infection. Am J Vet Res 47:254-8.
Wright, E. P., H. E. Tillett, J. T. Hague, F. G. Clegg, R. Darnell, J. A. Culshaw, and J. A. Sorrell. 1983. Milk-borne Campylobacter enteritis in a rural area. J Hyg (Lond) 91:227-33.
CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS
Harper, C. M., N. A. Cowell, B. C. Adams, A. J. Langley, and T. D. Wohlsen. 2002. Outbreak of Cryptosporidium linked to drinking unpasteurised milk. Commun Dis Intell 26:449-50.
E. COLI O157:H7 AND OTHER PATHOGENIC E. COLI
Allerberger, F., A. W. Friedrich, K. Grif, M. P. Dierich, H. J. Dornbusch, C. J. Mache, E. Nachbaur, M. Freilinger, P. Rieck, M. Wagner, A. Caprioli, H. Karch, and L. B. Zimmerhackl. 2003. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome associated with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O26:H infection and consumption of unpasteurized cow’s milk. Int J Infect Dis 7:42-5.
Bielaszewska, M., J. Janda, K. Blahova, H. Minarikova, E. Jikova, M. A. Karmali, J. Laubova, J. Sikulova, M. A. Preston, R. Khakhria, H. Karch, H. Klazarova, and O. Nyc. 1997. Human Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection associated with the consumption of unpasteurized goat’s milk. Epidemiol Infect 119:299-305.
CDC. 2000. Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection Associated With Eating Fresh Cheese Curds — Wisconsin, June 1998. MMWR MOrb Mortal Wkly Rep 49:911-3.
CDC. 2007. Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection associated with drinking raw milk – Washington and Oregon. November – December 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 56:165-7.
CDC. 2008. Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections in children associated with raw milk and raw colostrum from cows–California, 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 57:625-8.
Deschenes, G., C. Casenave, F. Grimont, J. C. Desenclos, S. Benoit, M. Collin, S. Baron, P. Mariani, P. A. Grimont, and H. Nivet. 1996. Cluster of cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome due to unpasteurised cheese. Pediatr Nephrol 10:203-5.
Denny, J., M. Bhat, and K. Eckmann. 2008. Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with raw milk consumption in the Pacific Northwest. Foodborne Pathog Dis 5:321-8.
Honish, L., G. Predy, N. Hislop, L. Chui, K. Kowalewska-Grochowska, L. Trottier, C. Kreplin, and I. Zazulak. 2005. An outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 hemorrhagic colitis associated with unpasteurized gouda cheese. Can J Public Health 96:182-4.
Keene, W. E., K. Hedberg, D. E. Herriott, D. D. Hancock, R. W. McKay, T. J. Barrett, and D. W. Fleming. 1997. A prolonged outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections caused by commercially distributed raw milk. J Infect Dis 176:815-8.
Liptakova, A., L. Siegfried, J. Rosocha, L. Podracka, E. Bogyiova, and D. Kotulova. 2004. A family outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome and haemorrhagic colitis caused by verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 from unpasteurised cow’s milk in Slovakia. Clin Microbiol Infect 10:576-8.
McIntyre, L., J. Fung, A. Paccagnella, J. Isaac-Renton, F. Rockwell, B. Emerson, and T. Preston. 2001. Escherichia coli O157 outbreak associated with the ingestion of unpasteurized goat’s milk in British Columbia, Can Commun Dis Rep 28:6-8.
Schneider, J., J. Mohle-Boetani, D. Vugia, and M. Menon. 2008. Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections in children associated with raw milk and raw colostrum from cows–California, 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 57:625-8.
LISTERIOSIS
CDC. 2001. From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreak of Listeriosis associated with homemade Mexican-style cheese–North Carolina, October 2000-January 2001. Jama 286:664-5.
Danielsson-Tham, M. L., E. Eriksson, S. Helmersson, M. Leffler, L. Ludtke, M. Steen, S. Sorgjerd, and W. Tham. 2004. Causes behind a human cheese-borne outbreak of gastrointestinal listeriosis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 1:153-9.
Goulet, V., C. Jacquet, V. Vaillant, I. Rebiere, E. Mouret, C. Lorente, E. Maillot, F. Stainer, and J. Rocourt. 1995. Listeriosis from consumption of raw-milk cheese. Lancet 345:1581-2.
Linnan, M. J., L. Mascola, X. D. Lou, V. Goulet, S. May, C. Salminen, D. W. Hird, M. L. Yonekura, P. Hayes, R. Weaver, and et al. 1988. Epidemic listeriosis associated with Mexican-style cheese. N Engl J Med 319:823-8.
MacDonald, P. D., R. E. Whitwam, J. D. Boggs, J. N. MacCormack, K. L. Anderson, J. W. Reardon, J. R. Saah, L. M. Graves, S. B. Hunter, and J. Sobel. 2005. Outbreak of listeriosis among Mexican immigrants as a result of consumption of illicitly produced Mexican-style cheese. Clin Infect Dis 40:677-82.
Q FEVER
Brown, G. L., D. C. Colwell, and W. L. Hooper. 1968. An outbreak of Q fever in Staffordshire. J Hyg (Lond) 66:649-55.
Fishbein, D. B., and D. Raoult. 1992. A cluster of Coxiella burnetii infections associated with exposure to vaccinated goats and their unpasteurized dairy products. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47:35-40.
Ormsbee, R. Q fever and raw milk. 1980. J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:290.
RABIES
CDC. 1999. From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mass treatment of humans who drank unpasteurized milk from rabid cows–Massachusetts, 1996-1998. Jama 281:1371-2.
SALMONELLOSIS
Campbell, D. M., J. M. Cowden, G. Morris, W. J. Reilly, and S. J. O’Brien. 1996. Cheese and Salmonella infection. All milk products should be heat treated. Bmj 312:1099.
CDC. 1981. Salmonella dublin associated with raw milk–Washington state. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 30:373-4.
CDC. 1981. Salmonellosis associated with raw milk–Montana. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 30:211-2.
CDC. 1984. Leads from the MMWR. Salmonella dublin and raw milk consumption. Jama 251:2195, 2199.
CDC. 2003. Multistate outbreak of Salmonella serotype typhimurium infections associated with drinking unpasteurized milk–Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Tennessee, 2002-2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52:613-5.
CDC. 2007. Salmonella typhimurium infection associated with raw milk and cheese consumption–Pennsylvania, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 56:1161-4.
CDC. 2008. Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Newport infections associated with consumption of unpasteurized Mexican-style aged cheese–Illinois, March 2006-April 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 57:432-5.
Cody, S. H., S. L. Abbott, A. A. Marfin, B. Schulz, P. Wagner, K. Robbins, J. C. Mohle-Boetani, and D. J. Vugia. 1999. Two outbreaks of multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotype typhimurium DT104 infections linked to raw-milk cheese in Northern California. Jama 281:1805-10.
Desenclos, J. C., P. Bouvet, E. Benz-Lemoine, F. Grimont, H. Desqueyroux, Rebiere, and P. A. Grimont. 1996. Large outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi B infection caused by a goats’ milk cheese, France, 1993: a case finding and epidemiological study. Bmj 312:91-4.
De Valk, H., E. Delarocque-Astagneau, G. Colomb, S. Ple, E. Godard, V. Vaillant, S. Haeghebaert, P. H. Bouvet, F. Grimont, P. Grimont, and J. C. Desenclos. 2000. A community–wide outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium infection associated with eating a raw milk soft cheese in France. Epidemiol Infect 124:1-7.
Fierer, J. 1983. Invasive Salmonella dublin infections associated with drinking raw milk. West J Med 138:665-9.
Haeghebaert, S., P. Sulem, L. Deroudille, E. Vanneroy-Adenot, O. Bagnis, P. Bouvet, F. Grimont, A. Brisabois, F. Le Querrec, C. Hervy, E. Espie, H. de Valk, and V. Vaillant. 2003. Two outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 8 linked to the consumption of Cantal cheese made with raw milk, France, 2001. Euro Surveill 8:151-6.
Humphrey, T. J., and R. J. Hart. 1988. Campylobacter and Salmonella contamination of unpasteurized cows’ milk on sale to the public. J Appl Bacteriol 65:463-7.
Hutchinson, R. I. 1964. Milk-Borne Outbreak Of Salmonella Heidelberg. Br Med J 1:479-80.
Maguire, H., J. Cowden, M. Jacob, B. Rowe, D. Roberts, J. Bruce, and E. Mitchell. 1992. An outbreak of Salmonella dublin infection in England and Wales associated with a soft unpasteurized cows’ milk cheese. Epidemiol Infect 109:389-96.
Mazurek, J., E. Salehi, D. Propes, J. Holt, T. Bannerman, L. M. Nicholson, M. Bundesen, R. Duffy, and R. L. Moolenaar. 2004. A multistate outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium infection linked to raw milk consumption–Ohio, 2003. J Food Prot 67:2165-70.
Richwald, G. A., S. Greenland, B. J. Johnson, J. M. Friedland, E. J. Goldstein, and D. T. Plichta. 1988. Assessment of the excess risk of Salmonella dublin infection associated with the use of certified raw milk. Public Health Rep 103:489-93.
Schmida, T. O. 1983. Salmonella dublin infections from raw milk. West J Med 139:538.
Small, R. G., and J. C. Sharp. 1979. A milk-borne outbreak due to Salmonella dublin. J Hyg (Lond) 82:95-100.
Tacket, C. O., L. B. Dominguez, H. J. Fisher, and M. L. Cohen. 1984. An outbreak of multiple-drug-resistant Salmonella enteritis from raw milk. Jama 253:2058-60.
Villar, R. G., M. D. Macek, S. Simons, P. S. Hayes, M. J. Goldoft, J. H. Lewis, L. L. Rowan, D. Hursh, M. Patnode, and P. S. Mead. 1999. Investigation of multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotype typhimurium DT104 infections linked to raw-milk cheese in Washington State. Jama 281:1811-6.
Vogt, R. L., A. Hakey, and J. Allen. 1981. From the Vermont State Health Department. Salmonella enteritidis serotype derby and consumption of raw milk. J Infect Dis 144:608.
Werner, S. B., G. L. Humphrey, and I. Kamei. 1979. Association between raw milk and human Salmonella dublin infection. Br Med J 2:238-41.
SHIGELLOSIS
Zagrebneviene, G., V. Jasulaitiene, B. Morkunas, S. Tarbunas, and J. Ladygaite. 2005. Shigella sonnei outbreak due to consumption of unpasteurised milk curds in Vilnius, Lithuania, Euro Surveill 10:E051201 3.
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Ikeda, T., N. Tamate, K. Yamaguchi, and S. Makino. Mass outbreak of food poisoning disease caused by small amounts of staphylococcal enterotoxins A and H. 2005. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:2793-5.
Jorgensen, H. J., T. Mathisen, A. Lovseth, K. Omoe, K. S. Qvale, and S. Loncarevic.2005. An outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning caused by enterotoxin H in mashed potato made with raw milk. FEMS Microbiol Lett 252:267-72.
STREPTOCOCCUS ZOOEPIDEMICUS
Edwards, A. T., M. Roulson, and M. J. Ironside. 1988. A milk-borne outbreak of serious infection due to Streptococcus zooepidemicus (Lancefield Group C). Epidemiol Infect 101:43-51.
TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS
Note: This pathogen does not occur in the United States
Anonymous. Outbreak of tick-borne encephalitis, presumably milk-borne. 1984. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 69:140-1.
Jezyna, C., T. Weglinska, E. Nawrocka, W. Falecka, L. Wielizcko-Gebska, T. Rodkiewicz, Z. Piesiak, and T. Ciesielski. 1976. [Milk-borne outbreak of tick-borne encephalitis in Olsztyn Province]. Przegl Epidemiol 30:479-89.
Kerbo, N., I. Donchenko, K. Kutsar, and V. Vasilenko. 2005. Tickborne encephalitis outbreak in Estonia linked to raw goat milk, May-June 2005. Euro Surveill 10:E050623 2.
TOXOPLASMOSIS
Riemann, H. P., M. E. Meyer, J. H. Theis, G. Kelso, and D. E. Behymer. 1975. Toxoplasmosis in an infant fed unpasteurized goat milk. J Pediatr 87:573-6.
TYPHOID FEVER
Bandy, W. H. 1953. Typhoid fever and raw milk. Del Med J 25:255-8.
YERSINIOSIS
Wale, M. C., A. J. Liddicoat, and J. V. Pether. 1981. Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 2 serotype O9 septicaemia in a previously fit man, raw goats’ milk having been the apparent vehicle of infection: a cautionary tale. J Infect 23:69-72.
Review Articles
Chin, J. 1982. Raw milk: a continuing vehicle for the transmission of infectious disease agents in the United States. J Infect Dis 146:440-1.
Currier, R. W. Raw milk and human gastrointestinal disease: problems resulting from legalized sale of “certified raw milk.”. 1981. J Public Health Policy 2:226-34.
Donnelly, C. W. 1990. Concerns of microbial pathogens in association with dairy foods. J Dairy Sci 73:1656-61.
Hazards of untreated milk. 1981. Lancet 1:705.
Headrick, M. L., S. Korangy, N. H. Bean, F. J. Angulo, S. F. Altekruse, M. E. Potter, and K. C. Klontz. 1998. The epidemiology of raw milk-associated foodborne disease outbreaks reported in the United States, 1973 through 1992. Am J Public Health 88:1219-21.
Keene, W. E. 1999. Lessons from investigations of foodborne disease outbreaks. Jama 281:1845-7.
Leedom, J. M. 2006. Milk of nonhuman origin and infectious diseases in humans. Clin Infect Dis 43:610-5.
Lejeune, J. T., and P. J. Rajala-Schultz. 2009. Food safety: unpasteurized milk: a continued public health threat. Clin Infect Dis 48:93-100.
Oliver, S. P., K. J. Boor, S. C. Murphy, and S. E. Murinda. 2009. Food safety hazards associated with consumption of raw milk. Foodborne Pathog Dis 6:793-806.
Potter, M. E., A. F. Kaufmann, P. A. Blake, and R. A. Feldman. 1985. Unpasteurized milk. The hazards of a health fetish. Jama 252:2048-52.
Rangel, J. M., P. H. Sparling, C. Crowe, P. M. Griffin, and D. L. Swerdlow. 2005. Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks, United States, 1982-2002. Emerg Infect Dis 11:603-9.
Steele, J. H. 2000. History, trends, and extent of pasteurization. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:175-8.
Swaminathan, B., and P. Gerner-Smidt. 2007. The epidemiology of human listeriosis. Microbes Infect 9:1236-43.
Microbes Infect 9:1236-43.
Search the Foodborne Illness Database
Real Life Dangers of
Raw Milk
Several families offered to share their stories on video to help raise awareness about the potential risks and negative effects on health from drinking contaminated raw milk.
